不同覆盖方式对中度盐渍土壤的改良增产效应研究

地膜与秸秆覆盖是干旱半干旱地区防治土壤次生盐渍化,提高土壤水分利用效率的重要措施。为探索不同地面覆盖方式在盐渍土壤的应用效应及机理,在内蒙古河套灌区中度含盐土壤进行田间试验,试验共设7个处理:玉米粉碎秸秆覆盖量9 000 kg·hm-2(F0.9)、玉米粉碎秸秆覆盖量6 000 kg·hm-2(F0.6)、玉米整秆覆盖(YZ)、葵花整秆覆盖(KZ)、新地膜覆盖(DM)、地膜二次使用免耕(MG)、未覆盖(CK),研究不同地面覆盖方式对中度盐渍化向日葵农田的土壤水盐运动、向日葵产量和种植经济效益等影响,分析不同覆盖措施的改良增产效应。结果表明:在0~5 cm土层,处理F0.9、YZ、DM的含盐量收获后较播前降低,土壤表层脱盐,而MG、F0.6、KZ、CK土壤表层积盐。0~20 cm土层,土壤含盐量收获后与播前相比,处理F0.9、DM土壤耕层脱盐,而F0.6、YZ、MG、KZ、CK在土壤耕层积盐。各覆盖处理主要影响0~20 cm的土壤含盐量,随着土壤深度的增加,覆盖层因素对土壤含盐量的影响趋于一致。耕层土壤含盐量相比较,F0.9的含盐量最低,抑盐效果最好,DM与F0.6抑盐效果相近,不同秸秆覆盖处理间,F0.9、F0.6强于YZ、KZ,地膜覆盖之间,DM强于MG。在0~5 cm土层及0~20 cm土层,DM的生育期平均土壤含水率高于秸秆覆盖处理,粉碎秸秆覆盖(F0.9、F0.6)的生育期平均土壤含水率高于整秆秸秆覆盖(YZ、KZ)。处理DM、F0.9较CK显著提高了向日葵生育期内0~100 cm土壤储水量均值,F0.9、DM处理显著降低了0~100 cm土壤储水量变异系数,在生育期内保持了较稳定的土壤墒情。各覆盖处理均较CK显著增产,各处理产量效应是:DMF0.9YZF0.6MGKZCK。覆盖措施通过改善农田小环境提高了作物水分利用效率,DM、F0.9、YZ处理的作物水分利用效率显著高于其他处理。处理DM、MG、YZ、F0.9、F0.6的产投比显著高于CK,增收效果明显,DM和MG的纯收入及产投比显著高于秸秆覆盖处理。对于中度盐渍化耕地,新地膜覆盖DM是最有效的覆盖方式,秸秆覆盖处理中,F0.9为最优覆盖方式,与其他覆盖处理相比较,KZ处理的保墒、抑盐、增产等效果较差,因此向日葵秸秆不适合用作地面覆盖材料。结果可为覆盖技术在内蒙古河套灌区农业生产中的应用提供理论与技术支持。     

鸡毒支原体黏附蛋白PvpA的原核表达与纯化

利用基因重组技术将PvpA基因的PCR扩增产物与原核表达栽体pET-41a(+)连接,转化入DH5a感受态细胞,通过PCR、双酶切及测序鉴定后,将阳性重组质粒转化入大肠杆菌BL21(D3)受体菌,用IPTG诱导蛋白表达.用纯化后的融合蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔,制备PvpA蛋白多克隆抗血清,并用Western blotting检验抗体特异性.结果表明,本研究成功获得PvpA纯化蛋白,在免疫印迹试验中,兔抗PvpA高免血清能与目的蛋白发生阳性反应,证实表达产物为特异性蛋白.     

Impact of grazing intensity on herbage intake, composition, and digestibility and on live weight gain of sheep on the Inner Mongolian steppe

High grazing pressure during the last decades caused severe ecological problems in the steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of grazing intensity of sheep on herbage mass (HM) and intake, chemical composition and digestibility of herbage, and on live weight gain (LWG). A grazing experiment with six different grazing intensities (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 sheep/ha) was conducted in the growing season of 2005 in the Xilin River Basin. HM decreased from 1.5 t DM/ha at the lowest grazing intensity to 0.6 t DM/ha at the highest grazing intensity. NDF content of the herbage was high (> 700 g/kg DM) and relatively constant, whereas acid detergent lignin (ADL) content increased with grazing intensity and with proceeding grazing season. Digestibility of organic matter ingested (DOM) tended to decrease with grazing intensity as well as intake of organic matter (OMI) and of digestible organic matter (DOMI) per sheep (P = 0.090 and P = 0.065, respectively), whereas LWG per sheep decreased with increasing grazing intensity (P = 0.018). DOM and OMI were negatively related to ADL content. However, herbage intake and LWG per ha increased with grazing intensity (P < 0.001) and reached their maximum at 9 and 7.5 sheep per ha, respectively. This observation confirms the current farmers' practise of high grazing pressure ignoring long term grassland productivity and ecological problems. Therefore, the studies are continued to provide further information on long term effects. This study could show pronounced effects of grazing intensity on animal and grassland productivity and the suitability of the methods applied to measure intake and digestibility of herbage in a large scale grazing experiment with sheep.     

Comparison of Soil Clean-up Standards for Trace Elements Between Countries: Why do they differ? (9 pages)

Goal, Scope and Background

In the nineteen nineties most European countries issued legislation on soil protection, including soil contamination. In the case of a presumed contamination, soil investigation mostly follows a stepwise approach starting with a preliminary investigation, then an in-depth investigation and, finally, remediation. Soil clean-up standards are often foreseen as trigger criteria to determine the need for an in-depth soil investigation or for remediation. There are however large differences in soil clean-up standards. This is partly because of the different roles of soil clean-up standards in each legislative framework and partly because of differences in the soil clean-up standard (SCS) derivation procedures. Despites these differences there are large similarities in the concepts of the derivation procedures for clean-up standards. A better understanding of the differences in clean-up standards is needed. In order to clarify the variation, the background of the clean-up standards for a selected number of countries was investigated. The objective of this paper is to investigate the underlying reason why country-wide generic soil and groundwater clean-up standards of eight trace elements (cadmium, chromium (III), copper, mercury, lead, nickel, zinc and arsenic) differ between the selected countries.

Main Features

To avoid misinterpretation of the differences in application of the clean-up standards, a short overview of the legislative role of clean-up standards is given first. Differences in model concepts and parameter values are discussed, followed by a comparison of the generic soil and groundwater clean-up standards for trace elements and a discussion on the sources of variation. The influence of the use of ecotoxicological criteria and data for the derivation of soil clean-up standards will be discussed in more detail. Selected countries were Canada, the Flemish Region (Belgium), France, Germany, Great-Britain, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and United States of America (USA).

Results and Discussion

When soil clean-up standards for eight trace elements (cadmium, chromium (III), copper, mercury, lead, nickel, zinc and arsenic) were compared between the selected countries differences of more than a factor 1000 arose. Notwithstanding the use of similar derivation procedures, differences were caused by the use of different software models with their specific input data, boundary conditions and applied protection criteria for humans and the ecology. Ecotoxicological criteria tend to lower the soil clean-up standard for the selected trace elements.

Conclusions

In the countries that are included in this study, clean-up standards are used is different ways, this is for the determination of the necessity for remediation or for the need for further soil investigation. This paper shows a wide variation in the clean-up standards, which has further implication on the decision for remediation or further investigation and, hence, the financial costs of soil management. All the clean-up standards have as primary goal the protection of human health. A number of countries also include the protection of the ecological function of the soil. Differences in selected software model, (standard) parameters values, selected human toxicological and ecotoxicological criteria, are reason for a substantial variation in the clean-up standards for trace elements.

Recommendations and Perspective

. Is this variation justified? The derivation of soil clean-up standards involves - besides scientific elements - political elements, like differentiation in landuse types (agricultural, residential, recreational, industrial), receptor at risk or protection level. It is obvious that harmonization of these elements will be complicated. However, a European action programme, like the thematic strategy for soil protection, could initiate this process of harmonization. Nevertheless, soil-clean-up standards could never be uniform over the whole of Europe because they include country specific elements (geographical, ethnological) and political decisions.     

Quantifying the contribution of dissolved organic matter to soil nitrogen cycling using N isotopic pool dilution

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been recognised as a key carbon and nitrogen (N) pool involved with soil-plant-microbe interactions. Yet few studies have quantified this contribution in agricultural soils. In this study we leached DOM from a sandy loam and sandy clay loam soil under either grassland or arable cropping. Two weeks after DOM removal microbial respiration from soils was not altered. However, a significant (P<0.05) decline in microbial biomass-N, potentially mineralizable-N, gross N mineralization and gross nitrification occurred after leaching. This data illustrate that whilst DOM is a small component of the soil OM it contributed up to 25% of microbial N supply within these agricultural soils.     

三峡库区脐橙园土壤养分、酸度变化特征与施肥管理对策——以秭归县水田坝乡为例

通过对三峡库区脐橙产业分布典型区域脐橙园土壤养分含量和酸度指标的系统调查,分析了三峡库区脐橙园土壤有机质和主要大量元素、微量元素含量状况和土壤酸碱度现状,进一步采用相关性和主成份分析法,揭示了土壤有机质、主要大量养分元素变化与土壤酸化过程的相互关系.结果表明,该区域三峡库区紫色砂岩分布区脐橙园土壤有机质含量分布不均、多数处于较低水平,且具有缺N、低p、富K的特点;土壤速效态N、P、K含量差异较大,65%土壤有效态N缺乏,45%左右土壤速效P、K含量偏低;有效Zn缺乏的土壤占有较高比例;随着脐橙种植年限的增加,土壤有效态养分含量呈提高的趋势,但是,由于化学肥科的长期过量施用,土壤酸化趋势明显,如果不采取合理的对策,容易引起土壤退化.采用"增库、调流"措施,合理调整有机、无机肥的比例,结合叶片诊断补充微量元素,利用秸秆进行园地覆盖,套种饲草,施用石灰、磷矿粉、煤渣类土壤改良剂,是改普土壤结构、协调土壤养分供应、缓解土壤酸化的重要措施.     

Root-nodule bacteria from indigenous legumes in the north-west of Western Australia and their interaction with exotic legumes

Bacteria were isolated from root-nodules collected from indigenous legumes at 38 separate locations in the Gascoyne and Pilbara regions of Western Australia. Authentication of cultures resulted in 31 being ascribed status as root-nodule bacteria based upon their nodulation of at least one of eight indigenous legume species. The authenticated isolates originated from eight legume genera from 19 sites. Isolates were characterised on the basis of their growth and physiology; 20 isolates were fast-growing and 11 were slow-growing (visible growth within 3 and 7 d, respectively). Fast-growers were isolated from Acacia, Isotropis, Lotus and Swainsona, whilst slow-growers were from Muelleranthus, Rhynchosia and Tephrosia. Indigofera produced one fast-growing isolate and seven slow-growing isolates. Three indigenous legumes (Swainsona formosa, Swainsona maccullochiana and Swainsona pterostylis) nodulated with fast-growing isolates and four species (Acacia saligna, Indigofera brevidens, Kennedia coccinea and Kennedia prorepens) nodulated with both fast- and slow-growing isolates. Swainsona kingii did not form nodules with any isolates. Fast-growing isolates were predominantly acid-sensitive, alkaline- and salt-tolerant. All slow-growing isolates grew well at pH 9.0 whilst more than half grew at pH 5.0, but all were salt-sensitive. All isolates were able to grow at 37 °C. The fast-growing isolates utilised disaccharides, whereas the slow-growing isolates did not. Symbiotic interactions of the isolates were assessed on three annual, one biennial and nine perennial exotic legume species that have agricultural use, or potential use, in southern Australia. Argyrolobium uniflorum, Chamaecytisus proliferus, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Ononis natrix, Phaseolus vulgaris and Sutherlandia microphylla nodulated with one or more of the authenticated isolates. Hedysarum coronarium, Medicago sativa, Ornithopus sativus, Ornithopus compressus, Trifolium burchellianum, Trifolium polymorphum and Trifolium uniflorum did not form nodules. Investigation of the 31 authenticated isolates by polymerase chain reaction with three primers resulted in the RPO1 primer distinguishing 20 separate banding patterns, while ERIC and PucFor primers distinguished 26 separate banding patterns. Sequencing the 16S rRNA gene for four fast- and two slow-growing isolates produced the following phylogenetic associations; WSM1701 and WSM1715 (isolated from Lotus cruentus and S. pterostylis, respectively) displayed 99% homology with Sinorhizobium meliloti, WSM1707 and WSM1721 (isolated from Sinorhizobium leeana and Indigofera sp., respectively) displayed 99% homology with Sinorhizobium terangae, WSM1704 (isolated from Tephrosia gardneri) shared 99% sequence homology with Bradyrhizobium elkanii, and WSM1743 (isolated from Indigofera sp.) displayed 99% homology with Bradyrhizobium japonicum.     

Survival of the western pond turtle (Emys marmorata) in an urban California environment

The western pond turtle Emys (formerly Clemmys) marmorata is declining throughout its range, primarily due to loss of habitat via urbanization and conversion to agriculture. Urban waterways present several important challenges to freshwater turtle populations, but they also present an opportunity to maintain declining species in a ubiquitous habitat that has high public visibility. The arboretum waterway on the University of California, Davis campus is an example of an extensively altered urban habitat that supports a relatively large E. marmorata population. Over the last 6 years, we monitored the turtle population inhabiting the arboretum waterway to determine the demographic health of the population, and the challenges and opportunities that urban environments pose for pond turtles. Since 1993, the naturally existing arboretum pond turtle population has declined by approximately 40% and has shown little natural recruitment. During this time, we also introduced 31 headstarted turtles into the arboretum. Headstarting is the process of raising juveniles in captivity until they have outgrown their period of greatest vulnerability to predators, and then releasing them into the wild. Our headstarting results demonstrate that this contentious strategy is a viable option for adding young turtles to the population, although it does not address the causes of decline. Over the course of our study, we encountered nine species of non-native turtles in the waterway, and these appear to be a serious threat to the native species. As more habitat becomes urbanized, it is increasingly important to understand how freshwater turtles, such as E. marmorata, adapt to urban waterways and the impact of non-native turtles on native turtle species. Our strong feeling is that urban waterways can provide habitat for viable populations of freshwater turtles and showcase them to the public, but both the aquatic and terrestrial habitat must be managed according to the biological requirements of individual species.     

农用土地经济定级中两种方法的比较研究——以新疆一四八农场为例

以新疆一四八农场为例，对农用土地经济定级中的模拟作物产量法和综合土地质量法及其结果进行了比较，结果表明：（1）两种方法定级程序基本一致，在地方性区域内的定级结果均较为准确，且一致性较大；（2）模拟作物产量法结果的区域可比性强，但方法复杂；（3）综合土 地质量法方法简便易行，但结果的区域可比性差；（4）两种方法结合，能有效地建立便于比较和纳入全国体系的农用土地经济等级指数。     

环境放射性核素~(137)Cs和~(210)Pb_(ex)的田间原位测定研究

原位现场γ谱仪具有快速准确监测土壤中环境放射性核素137Cs和210Pbex的潜力,可以解决传统环境放射性核素示踪土壤侵蚀在选择参考点和测定时间过长问题。本研究应用现场γ谱仪(ISOCS,In-situObject Counting System),对内蒙古锡林浩特草原土壤中137Cs和210Pbex的含量进行了田间原位(不采样)测定,并与室内γ谱仪测定结果进行了比对。结果显示:现场γ谱仪的探头离地面1m,采用90度准直器,测量时间保证3600s以上时,测定的土壤中137Cs面积浓度与室内测定结果一致,二者的平均偏差为8%,表明现场γ谱仪测定具有较高精度,是快速评价土壤侵蚀速率的有效技术;210Pbex的原位测定结果显著高于室内测定结果,可能由于测定时间较短所致。初步研究结果表明:原位测定具有时间短、精度高的优点,可以克服传统采样造成的空间变异误差。